The Seriousness Of Rape And The Crime Itself - 1694 Words

The Seriousness of Rape Keiser University Victimology Adriana Braxton 2/21/2017 In this paper I will be able to tell you about rape and the crime itself. I will explain who the victims of this crime are, how prevalent is this crime, what are the causes of this crime, in what ways do victims contribute to the crime, methods of prevention, resources available to assist victims of this crime, and my option of any needed changes in resources, laws, and sentencing related to this crime. There are many different types of rape. Rape is a violent crime involving sexual acts forced on one person by another. Rape is technically defined as forced penetration, this includes with any body part or object, including anal, vaginal or oral†¦show more content†¦79.6% of female victims who have experienced one or more completed rape experienced the first rape before the age of 25; 42.2% were under 18 at the time of the first completed rape (Sexual Assault Statistics, 2017).† These are just statistics and numbers gathered from incidents that have actually been reported, there are plenty people, not only in the state of Florida, who do not want to report the crime. There are many different reasons as to why people wouldn’t want to report such a crime. The most common reason is because they know the person who raped them, rather that person be a friend, uncle, doctor, and or teacher. As said before, many of these victims know their rapist but also they cannot h elp but wonder what brought this type of behavior on? Many people today say the way a woman dresses can be a huge factor on why she got raped or sexually assaulted; others say that getting drunk puts woman or men at risk and can result in that drunk person consenting to sex but not really meaning it due to the fact that they are not in the right frame of mind (Burgess, A.W., Regehr, C., Roberts, A.R. 2013). Therefore, someone can easily take advantage of the situation and you. But for many rapists those are just excuses to get what they want, rape for them is not just about sex but control and power over someone, they need that power to feel good about themselves. A study actually show that most men who do commit rape areShow MoreRelatedCriminal Law, Questions and Answers 1284 Words   |  5 Pages1 Introduction Restorative justice as a whole is not gaining support in South Africa as the majority of our country is in favour of the punitive system in order to combat the high levels of crime. 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The media holds a great deal of power in the portrayal of crime within a society; they have the authoritarian right to manipulate events of crime from their perspectives which is illustrated frequently as being reality without a definite underlying cause, therefore inevitably they influence the publics perspective towards crime and current the social order, the main relationship between the media and the crime is the effect it has towards the membersRead MoreShould The Drug Offenders Be Treated?1507 Words   |  7 Pagesout of all these statistics is the fact that more that half of the incarcerated inmates are drug offenders. The idea of the â€Å"War on Drugs† may have been great at first but has it backfired on us? Has it made things worst for our country? The idea in itself is great, to have a better nation free of drugs and violence, however it seems like the numbers in prison shows otherwise that the war on drugs have yet to bear fruit in our society. According to Bureau of Justice Statistics between 1978 and 2009Read MoreSexual Assaults On Campus Campuses1198 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent statistics are that 9% of campuses report that rapes have happened on campus and the other 91% state that there has never been a rape on or around campus.Those estimated numbers seem hard to believe. Especially with cases such as the victim of the Stanford Rapist Brock Turner . After a year of practically living in hell. Turner’s victim had to face him in court on trial. Turner and his defendant team tried to minimize the seriousness of the situation by stating that the accused and the victim

Analysis Of Mary Fisher Speech Whisper Of Aids

My name is Cindy Laguerre and today I would like to write on Mary Fisher speech titled â€Å"Whisper of AIDS†. First I would like to give brief background information on Mary Fisher. Known as an artist, author, advocate, and founder of family AIDS network. As an AIDS patient herself while working for the Republican Party, she delivered her speech in 1992 in front of the whole nation. During that same year, she funded the family AIDS network. Throughout the years, she was committed to work with AIDS patience in Africa and continued to be the voice of those with AIDS. Given that Mary was also an artist, she would make jewelry for those individuals in parts of Africa such as Zimbabwe, Rwanda, to help funds with AIDS research. Mary fisher speech was focused on the facts about HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS has been around from many years starting from the years 1981. In the months in the year 1981, young gay men were being diagnosed with Kaposis sarcoma, which is a rare form of cancer, and pneumocystis carinii, which is a rare form of lung infection. Although a name was not known for this virus that was infected by many, those who were gay were stereotyped and thought to be the only ones able to contract this disease till others started getting infected that weren’t gay nor male. Those with AIDS were treated like animals and looked down at. One example I read of this is of a couple who was evicted by there landlord because they were gay and when they contact the social service employers,Show MoreRelatedMary Fisher: the Struggle to Inform1223 Words   |  5 PagesMary Fisher: The Struggle to Inform Demetris Vance ITT Technical Institute (Online Division) â€Å"A life lived in fear, Is a life half lived.† (Slaughter, 2010) AIDS is a worldwide epidemic that has affected and is affecting millions of people. Even though it was not discovered until 1982 many stereotypes have come along with it. Mary Fisher is an AIDS community member and is not afraid to stand up and say so. Defending and helping those with HIV/AIDS and helping them spread the word instead ofRead MoreA Whisper Of Aids, By Mary Fisher1774 Words   |  8 Pages Introduction Mary Fisher, an American political activist, author, and artist, has survived a fatal disease, and who lives to support those who suffer the mutual virus known as H.I.V. or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. She spreads awareness of the outbreak through the use of speeches, campaigns, and volunteer opportunities. Her most famous speech, which defined her as a political icon, was titled â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS†. 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Technology Education and National Development Free Essays

string(204) " The Cambridge International Dictionary of English \(1996, pg 377\) defines development as growing or becoming more advanced or a recent important event which is the latest in a series of related events\." TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE PLACE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BY SUBAIR, S. TAYO AND ASHIRU, AL-MAHROOF. OLASEEWO DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS AKOKA – LAGOS BEING A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE NIGERIAN ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING (NAEAP) INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE VENUE:JULIUS BERGER AUDITORIUM UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS DATE:24TH – 27TH SEPTEMBER 2007 Abstract Technology education has been defined as a continuous process of special education and training imparted in individuals for them to achieve socio-economic independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Education and National Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now One major essence of technology education is self-sustenance and social development. This paper takes a cursory look at the factors germane to functional technology education and its implications for national development, by examining the concepts of technology education, national development, infrastructure and goals of technology education. The paper goes further to asses the development status of Nigeria, the relevant of infrastructure in the provision of viable technology education and some areas along policies, practices, attitudes, and sensitization of the public towards imbibing technology education that can foster national development. Introduction The basis of Nigeria’s philosophy of education is the integration of the individual into a sound and effective citizen, such a philosophy as articulated in the National Policy on Education (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2004). The goal of national development is hardly realizable without technology, which serves as a vehicle for the acquisition of appropriate knowledge, skills, abilities and competencies of both mental and physical nature. This is equipment for the individual to live in his society, and to acquire a relevant and balanced knowledge of facts about local and world phenomena. The etymology of technology is from Greek word ‘tekhne’, which refers to an art or craft, and ‘logia’ which means area of study. Simply defined, technology is a science of crafting. Collins English Dictionary (2005, pg. 1675) defines technology as the application of practical or mechanical sciences to industry or commerce, the methods, theory and practices governing such application and the total knowledge and skills available to any human society. Education, as defined by Adesina, Fagbamiye and Talabi (1985) is a tool for the integration of the individuals effectively into a society to enable them achieve self social, economic, political, scientific, cultural and technological progress. Now, in the era of globalization, the growing importance of trans-border education provisions particularly, in the area of technology is quite understandable. Generally, stakeholders are anxious to see that educational institutions deliver what they should deliver and that what they deliver produces desirable outcomes. These desirable outcomes include, among others, changes in structures, attitudes and institutions as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality and eradication of absolute poverty. Consequently, in addressing the issue of national development vis-a-vis technology education, it is of immense necessity to show the understanding of the phenomenon development and also to harness the indices of development before we can decide what we look out for in a developed, under-developed, developing nation and so on. The Concept of Technology Education According to Adeogun (2004), Ogunranti (1988) and Ukeje (1991), technology is the application of science and scientific knowledge to make the world more efficient using industrial methods. Technology can also be viewed as the sum of the ways in which a social group provides for themselves with the materials of civilization, thus science and technology go hand-in-hand. It could be considered permissible then to say that technology is a systematic approach in an integrated process to achieve practical purpose or achieve an end product. Hence, technology involves a practical engagement, that is, the act of doing, which is meant to solve human problems scientifically and systematically. Translated from its Latin root, ‘educo’ or ‘educare’, the word education means ‘to lead’. In other words, education implies showing the way. In principle, education is the process by which a person or group of persons lead in the act of acquiring new knowledge or experience. Ajelabi (2000) views education as implying the experience that a person gets in contact with or which one undergoes with or without the school. According to Collins Dictionary (2005, pg. 433), education is the act or process of imparting knowledge, especially at school, college or university, the art or process of acquiring knowledge, the knowledge or training acquired by this process, the theory of teaching and learning; or a particular kind of special directives (instructions) or training. From the foregoing, an operational definition of technology education required for this paper projects technology education as a continuous process of special education, training and directives imparted in individuals for the development of innovative ideas to ensure socio-economic independence. It could be argued that the type of education which Nigeria pupils and students are exposed to at different levels of education in the school system today cannot favour the accomplishment of the Millennium Development Goals. This can be substantiated with the concern about quality which is uppermost in any educational discourse all over the world, and Nigeria in particular. The United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (1999) observes that quality in education is a multi-dimensional concept which should embrace â€Å"all functions and activities: teaching, academic programmes, research and scholarship, staffing, students, buildings, facilities, equipment, services to the community and academic environment†. To show that one is educated means that all aspects of his/her life is transformed to influence and be influenced by self, physical, social, political, economical and spiritual environments. For this reason, technology education should focus on productive skills that are saleable to the world, thus making such a country a power to associate with. The Concept of National Development National development is rooted in a force of change than can raise expectations, through sustainable and broad-based economic growth. It could also be perceived as the totality of all activities within a nation whose main goal is to raise the living standards and general well being of the people. Collins English Dictionary (2005, pg. 443) defines development as the act or process of growing or developing or the product of developing. The Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1996, pg 377) defines development as growing or becoming more advanced or a recent important event which is the latest in a series of related events. You read "Technology Education and National Development" in category "Papers" For the purpose of this paper, national development means the satisfaction and sustenance of the social, political and economic needs of the people of a state (nation). It could also be thought of as planned activities which focus on increasing and enlarging the capacities so that they can successfully handle greater positions in a nation. National development usually focuses on improving the conceptual skills – the intellectual and abilities needed to handle complex situations and do a better job. With economic needs, a change in the economic and social super-structure of the society is guaranteed. It is an improvement in the techniques of production in the consumption choices open to the average citizen, in the health of the citizen, in the behaviour of citizen and so on. It involves both quantitative and non-quantitative aspects. Also, it involves reduction in income inequality, unemployment and poverty (Adeogun, 2003). Bannock (1977) opines that economic development is related to the process of growth in total and per capita income of developing nations accompanied by fundamental changes in the structures of their economies. Accordingly, these changes generally consist of the increasing importance of industrial, as opposed to agricultural, activity, reduction of dependence on imports from the more advanced producer and consumer goods, and dependence on agricultural or mineral products as main exports, and a diminishing reliance on aids from other countries. Accompanying this economic process are attendant political and socio-cultural reforms aimed at resolving such problems as cultural deprivation, ignorance, political instability and poverty. Thus, national development can be perceived as the totality of all the activities within a nation whose main goal is to raise the living standards and general well-being of the people. The Concept of Infrastructure According to Coombs (1991), the educational system is a function of the quality and quantity of inputs. Of significance are the buildings, equipment and space. This view gains the endorsement of Ejiogu (1984) and Nwagwu (1983) who note that of the four important factors in an attempt to balance the qualitative and quantitative growth of any educational system is the quality and number of infrastructure in the form of buildings, machinery and equipment; their maximal usage and proper maintenance culture of the students, staff and community members that use such facilities. Infrastructure, as stated by Ehiametalor (2001) are the operational inputs of every instructional programme and they constitute elements that are necessary for teaching and learning. Such include buildings, laboratories, machinery, furniture and electrical fixtures. In specific terms, Bosah (1997) opines that infrastructure represent the empirical relevance of the totality of the school environment for the realization of the school business. He identifies the following as components of infrastructure: landscape, playgrounds, buildings – classrooms, library, laboratory blocks, health blocks, toilets, hostels, administrative blocks and so on; utilities such as electricity, pipe-borne water and security facilities – walls (fences), gates, telephone and alarm system. From the above, infrastructure can be considered the basic systems and services that are necessary for an organization, for example, buildings, transport, water and power supplies and administrative systems. These are things that represent the aesthetic picture of the school conveyed by the position of structures in relation to one another. Goals of Technology Education The goals of technology education include: -understanding the principles and dynamics of technology; understanding the principles of tool construction, processes of technology and modes of dissemination; -developing intellectual processes of technology and their relation with other systems such as communication, economics, science, industry and society; -acquiring skills such as instrumentation production, maintenance, creativity, designing and communication; -mastering of technology-oriented forms of general and specific problem-solving; -producing technologically literate people; and -producing products that are emp loyable and equally those who would proceed to higher education (Busari, 2004). It is important to appreciate the interpretation of these goals in the policies and practices of technology education in Nigeria. The policy guidelines set by the government for achieving the objectives are provision of basic tools for educational advancement including preparation for crafts of the locality, provision of curricular activities like teaching of science, local crafts, domestic science and agriculture, and provision of qualified teachers to handle technology education subjects. An Assessment of the Development Status of Nigeria In assessing the indices, criteria or factors responsible for the lassification of any country as being either developing or developed, it becomes imperative to understand the underlying key concepts: development, developing, under-developed, least developed, third world or fourth world and developed countries. Development can be regarded as the process of improving human welfare. Hence, the goals of development include: -balanced healthful diet; -adequate medical care; -labour opportunities commensurate with individual talents; -environmental sanitation and disease control; -sufficient educational opportunities; -reduced infant mortality; -decent housing; social and political participation promoting equality (United Nations, 2003). Developing countries are characterized by high rate debts, low level of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), low standard of living, low level of productivity and low level of health, low level of investment; high dependency on the agriculture production and high vulnerability for external shocks. Least Developed Countries (LDC) generally suffer conditions of extreme poverty, ongoing and widespread conflict (including civil war or ethnic clashes), extensive political corruption and lack of political and social stability. The form of government in such countries is often authoritarian in nature, and may comprise dictatorship, warlordism or a kleptocrazy (United Nations, 2003). The Relevance of Infrastructure in the Provision of Viable Technology Education With the present scope of technology in Nigerian classrooms, there are few technical schools and few universities where technology education is made available. It is lamentably sad to observe that the available infrastructure in the available technical colleges and universities of technology is inadequate when compared with the expected functions of such institutions of learning. No doubt that infrastructure comprises things that are used directly or indirectly for the purposes of supporting, facilitating, influencing or encouraging transmission or acquisition of knowledge, competencies, skills and know-how. When we think of the poor state of this infrastructure, a question tends to come to mind – is the government actually interested in building this nation? This is just that there appears to be a gap between the policy statements and policy implementation. Lending credence to this is Busari (2004) who observes that institutions (technical colleges, universities, etc) where technology education is run are given little or lip support because they are viewed as any other education programme providers. The lackadaisical attitude of related agencies responsible for the functionalism of technology education is evidenced by the fact that the required infrastructure that would make technology education operational are either inadequate or non-existing. If technology education would facilitate national development, the quality of the manpower available for the performance of such tasks will dictate. As reported by Subair (2004), even the universities of technology experienced a face-lift just because of the accreditation exercise embarked upon by the National Universities Commission (NUC), a body established by the Federal Government in 1962 for the purpose of quality university education. He opines that experiences of the students are better expressed when adequate provision of required infrastructure is made with due consideration for some factors such as students’ population, student-teacher ratio, minimum studio stage per student, drawing boards per student, etc and student work experience practice in particular. The country is now faced with the stark realities of her poor technological base, which manifests in all fronts, ranging from poor economy, inability to properly maintain facilities inherited from colonial masters, to bad educational planning (Odeyemi, 1996). The incessant scarcity of petroleum products, epileptic supply of electricity, bad roads, flooding, and so on points to the fact that this country seriously needs to embrace and appreciate technology education. The resultant effects of Nigeria’s state of technological development are being felt in other sectors of our economy uch as the agricultural sector, industrial sector, building and construction, health and infrastructural sector – water, road, telecommunication and electricity. The bite is much felt due to lack of the necessary technical know-how to maintain the existing infrastructure and fabricate spare parts to maintain the heavy duty and medium size plants. Moreover, the frequent stealing and vandalizati on of Power Holding Company of Nigeria’s (PHCN) equipment for example is traceable to the inability to produce them locally. Obviously, there will be no market for the stolen ones if the country is able to produce in large quantities. As Oguntoye (2004) comments: There is no doubt that Nigeria has made tremendous leaps forward in educational development, especially with regard to quantitative expansion, are probably more than those we faced before the Ashby Commission of 1960. The physical structures may be available (they are in short supply). The problem is not that people are unwilling to send their kids to school, may not be the curriculum, may not even be quantity of trained personnel, but the critical problem is attitudinal, wrong value-orientation, wanting to cut corners, acquiring the certificates without acquiring knowledge, skills and competencies (pg. – 8). It becomes important to say here that if Nigeria as a nation is to be a developed and modern nation, it needs to be rational. A rational society is one which regards people as having the knowledge and ability to control their own destinies. Controlling one’s destiny without depending on other countries for one’s basic needs is se lf-reliance, a supposed target or goal of technology education. Consequently, the focus now should be acquisition of thorough knowledge, skills, competencies and know-how capable of transforming and encouraging people to develop openness to new experience, readiness to social change, placing higher value on technology education and aspiring to high levels of industrial attainment, understanding the logic underlying production and industry; placing high value on technical skill and accepting it as a basis for the distribution of rewards, and a basic trust in the calculating of the surrounding world, and that people and institutions can be relied upon to meet their obligations. Conclusion Attaining national development depends on three things that are considered most important. One is that education, particularly technology education which is the source of high levels of human capital accumulation, should be heavily invested in to generate the human resources Nigeria needs as the ‘engine’ for growth. There should be active government involvement or intervention that will encourage enormous investments in human capital, educating large skilled manpower able to absorb and adapt the most advanced technology. Secondly, Nigerians should know that modern societies are science and technology driven. There is no reason why we cannot set target year for achieving technology education for all. Such focus will make Nigerians think scientifically and technologically, the resultant effects of which will be change in our attitude and belief system, worthwhile social, economic, political and cultural lives, culminating into poverty alleviation, economic progress that will touch millions of Nigerians. Thirdly, irrespective of the level of education, the students are the core input into our educational institutions and the quality of the output (students) depends largely on the provision of infrastructures capable of directly or indirectly supporting, facilitating, influencing and encouraging the development of their potentials. Therefore, the knowledge, skills, competences and attitudes students acquire for life can make them fit into the cultural, social, economic and political contexts of the society in which they live, and to work and employment. It can all be summarily put that quality of education is reflected in the fit between, on the one hand, the expectations of society expressed in the general and specific objective of education, and on the other, the actual characteristics of the educational process (technology education) and the changes observed at the students’ level. References Adeogun, A. A. (2003). Economics of education. Lagos: Olatunji Publishing Press. Ajelabi, A. (2000). Essentials of educational technology. Lagos: Raytel Communications Ltd. Bannock, A. O. (1977). Modern technology and students’ instinct development. New York: McGreen Publishing Company. Bosah, H. O. N. (1997). Improving school plant provision and administration in Nigeria school. N. I. Ogbonnaya and C. L. Ajagbaonwu (Eds. ) Major concepts and issues in educational administration. NAEP Publication. Ibadan: Awemark Industrial Printers. Busari, O. O. (2004). Towards a rethink of science and technology education in Nigeria. Ejiogu A. (ed. ) Nigerian education and challenges of the 21st century. Lagos: Faculty of Education, University of Lagos. Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1996). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377. Collins English Dictionary (2005). Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers, pp. 443, 449, 1675. Coombs, Y. (1991). What is planning? Paris: IIEP UNESCO. Ehiametalor, E. T. (2001). School facilities: Management practice in Nigeria. N. A. Nwaguru, E. T. Ehiametalor, and M. A. Ogunu, M. Nwadiani (Eds. ) Current issues in educational management in Nigeria. Benin City, Nigeria: Nigerian Association for Educational Administration and Planning. Ejiogu, A. (ed. ) (2004). Nigerian education and challenges of the 21st century. Lagos: Faculty of Education, University of Lagos. Madumere, S. C. (1997). Educational planning and manpower development. Lagos: Samuel Printing Press. Nwagwu, N. A. (1978). Primary school administration. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Odeyemi, O. (1996). Technology as a vehicle for qualitiative education in Nigeria. Technology education Today 6(1 2), pp. 49 – 52. Ogunranti, A. (1988). Educational technology and curriculum development. Ogunranti, A. (ed. ) Problems and prospects of educational technology in Nigeria. Ibadan: Heinemann. Oguntoye, A. O. O. (2004). Education for national development self reliance in a deregulated economy. A paper presented at the 1st national conference of the School of Technical Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka. Subair, S. O. (2007). Infrastructure, students’ welfare and students’ motivation to learn in universities. An unpublished post-field report paper presented at the departmental seminar of the Educational Administration Department, University of Lagos, Akoka. Ukeje, B. O. (1991). Educational technology in the new national system of education. In Ajelabi, A. (2005). Essentials of educational technology. Lagos: Raytel Communications, p. 18. United Nations (2001). Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations millennium declaration. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2008 from http://www. un. org. /millenniumgoal. United Nations Development Programme (2003). Human development report. New York: University Press for UNDP. United Nations (2005). Jakarta Declaration on Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the pacific: The way forward 2015, Jakarta, 5 August 2005. How to cite Technology Education and National Development, Essays

An Overview Of Industrialized Building Systems Construction Essay Example For Students

An Overview Of Industrialized Building Systems Construction Essay In recent old ages, the authorities is seeking to pass through the often used conventional building method toward a more technologically beforehand building method, Industrialized Building Systems ( IBS ) . Several policies are developed for the involvement of advancing IBS by the authorities. In order to rush the IBS use in the building industry, IBS Roadmap 2003 -2010 is published to advance the IBS through 5M scheme ( Manpower, Materials, Management, Monetary, and Marketing ) . On the other manus, CIMP 2006 -2015 besides highlights a strategic push for IBS contraption in the building undertakings. Furthermore, every new authorities undertakings are mandatory to intensify at least 70 % of IBS constituents start from twelvemonth 2008. Although this engineering has introduced in Malaysia since 1960-an, the volume of IBS undertaking is still lack comparison to the conventional undertaking ( Kwai, 2010 ) . It seems to be the credence of IBS has non been promoting among Malayan builders. The wet trade building is still widely applied in building industry in Malaysia although it is really incurred higher building cost and longer building clip. Furthermore, the conventional building method is ever giving the feeling of Dirty, Difficult and Dangerous of building industry Malaysia. IBS is peddled to be used in the building industry as it can work out the issue associated with jobs faced in conventional system. CIDB ( 2003 ) has presented that by utilizing IBS, it can get by with a turning demand of low-cost lodging ; less dependance on the foreign labors and heighten labour accomplishments. Furthermore, Kamar, K. A. M. et Al. ( 2009 ) besides stated that IBS can besides provides shorter building period, better quality of building, cleaner and neater building environment, less site stuff and besides minimum building stuffs wastage. In add-on, the contraption of IBS can besides farther decreases the accidents or hurts happen on site comparison to the conventional building method which has less accent on the occupational safety and wellness. Furthermore, IBS besides enhances the image of the building industry in Malaysia as the current building status is ever considered as Dirty, Difficult and Dangerous ( CREAM and CIDB, 2010 ) . The advantage of bettering the image of the building industry is indispensable as the industry utilizing conventional method is ever associated with unprofessional patterns ( Mail, 2010 ) . This implicatively discourages the local work force to fall in the building industry. Furthermore, the low pay strategy of the building labours besides impedes the locals to affecting the building industry Malaysia. Therefore, the IBS is encouraged among the building industry in order to pull more locals to affect in this field. Kamar K. A. ( 2010 ) further enhances that IBS can increase the fight of Malayan houses by offering better monetary value in the abroad undertakings. This can indirectly supply good repute of building industry Malaysia in international degree. Outline1 1.2 Problem statement2 1.3 Aim and Aims3 1.4 Scope of Study4 1.5 Research Methodology5 1.6 Limitation of Study6 1.7 Significant of Study7 1.8 Work Plan8 Undertaking9 Aug10 Sept11 Oct12 Nov13 Dec14 Jan15 Feb16 Mar17 Chapter 218 INDUSTRIALISED Building SYSTEMS ( IBS ) A ; CONVENTIONAL BUILDING SYSTEM19 2.1 History of IBS20 2.2 Characteristic of IBS21 2.3 Type of IBS22 2.3.1 Precast concrete framing, panel and box23 Steel formwork systems24 Steel bordering systems25 Prefabricated lumber bordering systems26 Block work systems27 Chapter 328 Construction LABOUR29 Mentions: 1.2 Problem statement Conventional building industry, which besides considers as wet trade building is relied to a great extent on the manual work force. CIDB ( 2007 ) stated in CIMP that as most of the locals are holding the mentality that this industry is Dirty, Dangerous and Difficult , along with the low salary strategy and low occupational safety and wellness, it deters the locals from affecting the industry. This leads to manpower deficit in building industry and redounds to the trust of the building industry on the foreign labor. Furthermore, the industry is more willing to use unskilled foreign labor with cheaper rates compare to use local labors who require for higher rewards. This farther deteriorated the state of affairs of trust on foreign labor in building industry Malaysia. Many foreign workers are recruited from neighboring states such as Indonesia, Bangladesh, India and others. Although the foreign labor is of import in equilibrating the high building cost and besides overcome the job of the deficiency of labor in building industry, there are several issues occur as the impacts of the dependance of the aliens. It leads to the currency flowage to other states, sociables job, offenses and besides upseting the growing of domestic economic system of Malaysia ( CREAM and CIDB, 2010 ) . Therefore, in order to avoid the relying on the foreign workers and pull the locals, Kwai ( 2010 ) and CIDB in IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 ( 2003 ) suggested utilizing IBS alternatively of the conventional building method. Ahmad Bari et Al. ( 2008 ) besides hoped the use of IBS in building industry in Malaysia can manage the issue of the dependence of the foreign labor. The foreign labor is planned to cut down bit by bit from 75 % in twelvemonth 2003, 55 % in twelvemonth 2005 until 15 % in twelvemonth 2009 in IBS Roadmap 2003-2010. Beside from doing the building less labor oriented, IBS besides quicker every bit good as carry throughing quality concern ( Kamar K. A. , 2010 ) . Apart from that, as a effect of the comparative cheap and abundant supply of foreign labor from neighboring states, it has deterred local contractors from prosecuting new and advanced ways of building besides. This leads to the status of deficiency investing in the engineering and equipment, and therefore building sector in Malaysia is being considered as low productiveness sector ( Chan, 2009 ) . Hence, IBS is introduced to get the better of this affair. IBS is introduced for invention of the building engineering and besides managing the labour issue. Industrialized Building System ( IBS ) has been punctually highlighted in Construction Industry Master Plan 2006-2015 as being important importance in building industry. It is hoped to be carried out in the building industry under Strategic Thrust 5: Invention through R A ; D to follow a new building method. Treasury Circular Letter No.7 of 2008 besides released as one of the ways to advance the use of IBS in building industry. The authorities building undertakings are required to content at least 70 % of the IBS constituents. These show the importance of the application of IBS in building industry. On the other manus, the sweetening of engineering in IBS is besides introduced to better the productiveness of the building. CIDB besides prepares several programmes of advancing industrialized edifices, modular coordination and system embrace of prefabrication engineering ( CIDB and Chan, E.H.W. , 2005 ) . The productiveness of IBS can cut down the trust on the work force. But in the current scenario of the building industry in Malaysia, the issue on cut downing dependance on foreign workers is great concern as still has 52 % of the building works is foreign workers ( CREAM and CIDB, 2010 ) . This is far from outlook in IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 which hope to less the foreign labor until 15 % in twelvemonth 2009. By utilizing the IBS, it hopes to cut down the dependence on foreign labor and salvage on the foreign exchange ( Abdul Rahman, A. B. and Omar, W, 2006 ) . Therefore the survey on the comparing on IBS and conventional system is carried out to happen the effectivity of IBS in cut downing the labor needed on site, particularly the decrease of the foreign labor. The comparing of figure of locals of affecting in the IBS and conventional building besides will be studied. Furthermore, the labour productiveness of the work force in both building methods is besides investigated for the efficiency of the labor in site. Last but non least, skill betterment in IBS besides will be studied. 1.3 Aim and Aims The purpose that initiates this research is to analyze on the comparing on building labor between Industrialised edifice System ( IBS ) and conventional system. The research is carried out to accomplish the aims below: To analyze the feature of IBS and conventional system in building industry Malaysia To analyze on building labor in building industry Malaysia To place and compare building labor between IBS and conventional edifice system To find the effectivity of IBS in cut downing dependance on foreign labors To find the labour productiveness in both IBS and conventional edifice system 1.4 Scope of Study The range of this research focal point on the comparing of the building labours needed in similar lodging undertaking characteristic by utilizing different building method ( IBS and conventional system ) . The research besides will be used to place whether IBS is effectual in managing the issue of the trust on foreign labors and besides increase the figure of skill labors in building industry. It besides reviews if the locals will affect IBS undertakings more than conventional building undertakings. The productiveness of the labor in two building methods besides will be reviewed. Churchill’s Eulogy for Neville Chamberlain EssaySteel formwork systems This type of the system is considered as least prefabricated IBS, as it by and large involve site casting and capable to structural quality control, high quality merchandises, faster building period and less manpower and material demands. This includes tunnel signifiers, beams and columns modeling signifiers, permanents steel formworks and others ( CIDB, 2003 ) . Steel bordering systems This type of system is a popular pick and normally used in skyscrapers. The system is used to build steel beams and columns, portal frames, roof trusses and others. Prefabricated lumber bordering systems This system is usually use as lumber frames, roof trusses and others. By utilizing lumber as stuffs of IBS, it provides nice designs apart from merely building simple home. The edifice built can hold higher aesthetical values. Block work systems The conventional bricks can be replaced by utilizing the block work produced in IBS system. The merchandises produced including meshing concrete masonry units ( CMU ) , lightweight concrete blocks and others. The clip devouring traditional brick-laying undertakings can be simplified by utilizing the units produced in the mill. Closed System Open System The edifice constituents of IBS are non limited to the proprietor or certain owner. Standardization Form or visual aspect of common constituents has been determined the size and size Modular Coordination Advantage The benefits of betaking IBS as building method are plentifulness. CREAM and CIDB ( 2010 ) stated that the debut of IBS by authorities is to cut down the manual work by traveling the plants to mill. It besides transforms the image of building industry into better image and therefore can pull more locals to take part in building industry. 2.8.1 Sheltered and controlled environment 2.8.2 Insistent production give rise the operational efficiency and economic systems of big graduated table production 2.8.3 Reduce remittals by foreign labor ( Haron, N.A. et Al, 2009 ) 2.8.4 Reduce the demand of formwork on site as the re-usable metal signifier is intentionally made in the mill Less site stuff and cleansing agent and orderly environment- repetitive of formwork and staging Decrease in wastage as the support and concrete can command better Less site stuff and cleansing agent and orderly environment- repetitive of formwork and staging Produce quality controlled merchandises in mill Less labour intensifier ( Nurul Azam Haron, Hamzah Abdul Rahman, Mahanim Hanid, 2009 ) Faster production of edifice constituents Enhance physique ability ( Low, S.P. A ; Choong, J.C. , 2000 ) Faster completion ( Haron, N.A. et Al, 2009 ) 2.8.11 Not affected by conditions ( Haron, N.A. et Al, 2009 ) 2.8.12 Flexible design ( Haron, N.A. et Al, 2009 ) Disadvantage Conventional method Disadvantage: vagaries of conditions labour intensive productiveness low Barriers: Immune toward alteration deficient information/ deficiency of cognition Lack of engineering method ( Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar, Zuhairi Abdul Hamid, Mohd Khairolden Ghani, Ahmad Hazim Rahim, CREAM, 2007 ) Costing job Insufficient push factor Un-standardize articulations doing it hard to plan Volume and economic of graduated table Require preparation ( MBAM 2007 ) ( Nurul Azam Haron, Hamzah Abdul Rahman, Mahanim Hanid, 2009 ) Chapter 3 Construction LABOUR 52 % is foreign workers from neighboring states, 48 % is local work force. 59 % of the foreign workers are Indonesian, 13 % are from Bangladesh and the remain are from Myanmar, Nepal, India, Vietnam and Sri Lanka. More involve in private sector than authorities sector, likely because of the promoting usage of IBS in authorities undertaking ( 70 % ) . Most of the foreign workers ac t as unskilled labor involve in manual plants on site, for case, carpenter, aˆÂ ¦.. Skill, unskill-define, jobscope Labour productiveness Disadvantage of using foreign labor: ( CIDB, 2003 ) Increase the escape of Ringgit Malaysia ( RM ) to foreign states Bringing negative impacts in the societal and cultural context Wayss to increase accomplishments ( CIDB, 2003 ) Prepare big fund for research, for illustration CREAM Standard development Training and advancing programmes, for illustration CIDB preparation Research and Development Programmes to develop advanced IBS application, for illustration preparation in the accomplishment of put ining the precast constituents on site Mentions: A. Idrus, N. F. K. Hui A ; C. Utomo. ( 2008 ) . Percept of Industrialised Building System ( IBS ) Within the Malayan Market. 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